Kimiyya a Zamanin Rikici Kashi na 3 - Faɗuwar Rikici: Yankin Arctic da sararin samaniya

ISC Yana Gabatar: Kimiyya a Zamanin Rikici wani yanki ne na 5 podcast jerin bincika abin da rayuwa a cikin duniyar rikici da rashin kwanciyar hankali na geopolitical ke nufi ga kimiyya da masana kimiyya a duniya.

A kashi na 3 mun kasance tare Melody Burkins, Daraktan Cibiyar Nazarin Arctic, Kwalejin Dartmouth da Memba na Tsaye Kwamitin 'Yanci da Nauyi a Kimiyya da Piero Benvenuti, tsohon Sakatare Janar na babbar ƙungiyar taurari ta duniya: Ƙungiyar Astronomical ta Duniya.

A cikin wannan shirin faifan podcast mun buɗe tasirin damuwa da rikici ke da shi akan ƙarfin tsarin kimiyya da masana kimiyya don amsa ƙalubalen duniya. Wasu wurare masu muhimmanci da ake bincike da nazari kan batutuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a wannan zamani da muke ciki a halin yanzu suna tabarbarewa saboda rikici da rikici. A cikin wannan jigon mun tattauna biyu daga cikinsu, Arctic da kuma sararin samaniya. 

Tare da ƙasashen da ke gwagwarmaya don daidaita yanayin ɗabi'a na yin Allah wadai da zalunci ko ci gaba da bincike mai mahimmanci, muna tambaya, shin ana buƙatar ƙarin haɗin gwiwar kimiyya, ko ma mai yiwuwa?

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Holly Sommers: Muna wanzuwa a lokacin da yake-yake, rikice-rikice, bala'o'i da sauyin yanayi ke tasiri kusan kowane lungu na duniya da rikici, ta hanyoyi da yawa, wani makawa ne. Haɗe tare da wannan akwai sauye-sauyen yanayin siyasa waɗanda ke tsara hanyar da masu tsara manufofi da gwamnatoci ke shiryawa da kuma mayar da martani ga waɗannan rikice-rikice.

Ni Holly Sommers ne kuma a cikin wannan jerin podcast mai kashi 5 daga Majalisar Kimiyya ta Duniya za mu bincika abubuwan da ke tattare da kimiyya da masana kimiyya na duniyar da ke tattare da rikice-rikice da rashin kwanciyar hankali na geopolitical. 

Wannan shirin faifan bidiyo zai buɗe tasirin damuwa da rikici ke da shi akan ƙarfin tsarin kimiyya da masana kimiyya don amsa ƙalubalen duniya. Wasu wurare masu muhimmanci da ake bincike da nazari kan batutuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a wannan zamani da muke ciki a halin yanzu suna tabarbarewa saboda rikici da rikici. A cikin wannan jigon za mu tattauna biyu daga cikinsu, Arctic da kuma sararin samaniya. 

Tare da ƙasashen da ke gwagwarmaya don daidaita yanayin ɗabi'a na yin Allah wadai da zalunci ko ci gaba da bincike mai mahimmanci, muna tambaya, shin ana buƙatar ƙarin haɗin gwiwar kimiyya, ko ma mai yiwuwa?

Bakonmu na farko a yau shine Dr Melody Burkins. Melody darekta ne na Cibiyar Nazarin Arctic, a Jami'ar Dartmouth. Har ila yau, tana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman kuma memba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Jami'ar Arctic cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya da kuma Shugabar Hukumar Kwalejin Ƙasa ta Amurka akan Ƙungiyoyin Kimiyya na Duniya. Tare da aikin da ya shafi ilimi da gwamnati, Melody an san shi a matsayin "diflomasiyar kimiyya", mai ba da shawara ga tallafin karatu na siyasa, ilimin diflomasiyya na kimiyya, da kuma shigar da ƙarin tsarin ilimi na Arctic. Ita ma memba ce a kwamitin gudanarwa na ISC, da kuma Kwamitin 'Yanci da Nauyi a Kimiyya. 

A matsayinka na darekta na Cibiyar Nazarin Arctic a Dartmouth, menene kuka yi imani shine rawar Arctic dangane da yawancin ƙalubalen ƙalubalen da ɗan adam ke fuskanta a yau?

Melody Burkins: Gaskiya ne inda muryar Arctic ta kasance wanda za mu iya ji a can, ka sani, sabanin aiki a Antarctica, babu mutane a Antarctica, lokacin da muka yi nazarin sauyin yanayi da bambancin halittu akwai mutane a sansanonin kimiyya da tashoshi. Amma a cikin Arctic, muna da mutanen da suka zauna a cikin Arctic, kuma suka yi aiki a cikin yanayin Arctic, kuma sun kirkiro rayuwa da tarihi a can na dubban shekaru. Kuma wannan shine bambancin Arctic, akwai mutane a can waɗanda dole ne mu haɓaka dangantaka da su kuma mu girmama ilimin da ke wurin. Don haka rawar da Arctic, ina tsammanin, shine da gaske wajen koyon yin bincike ta hanyar da ta fi dacewa da mutanen da ke da ilimin a cikin tsarin Arctic. Babban kashi na biyu yana fuskantar matsalolin sauyin yanayi, samar da abinci, canjin makamashi, batutuwan albarkatun ma'adinai. Suna cikin layin gaba, yau suna yin haka, ba zai zo ba. Ba mu tunanin abin da zai faru da bakin teku a cikin shekaru goma. Wannan yana faruwa. Kankarar teku tana narke, bakin tekun nasu yana raguwa, permafrost yana narke, garken dabbobi suna canza hanyoyinsu. Wannan yana faruwa a yanzu ga mutanen da ke cikin Arctic, 'yan asalin da suka yi rayuwarsu na dubban shekaru, sun kasance masu juriya. Lokacin da muke magana game da juriya a cikin Arctic, sau da yawa akwai dama, da kyau, mun kasance masu juriya yanzu bari mu ci gaba da ci gaba. Kuma yadda muke yin hakan ba ya zuwa tare da mafita waɗanda muka haɗa tare a Dartmouth ko kuma a wani wuri, sai dai idan an sanar da su kuma tare da haɗin gwiwar mutanen Arctic. Kuma wannan shine, ina tsammanin, wani abu ne wanda aikin Arctic shine, don koya mana yadda za mu zama mafi kyawun masana kimiyya, zama mafi kyawun ilimin kimiyya, aiki tare da mutanen da suke rayuwa da aiki da kuma ci gaba da samun iyalai da al'adu a cikin sararin samaniya wanda shine mafi kyau da daraja Arctic.

Holly Sommers: Majalisar Arctic ita ce jagorancin ƙungiyoyin gwamnatoci, wanda ke inganta haɗin gwiwa a cikin Arctic. Ko za a iya yi mana karin bayani kan rawar da majalisar ta taka da kuma su waye mambobinta?

Melody Burkins: Don haka Majalisar Arctic ta ci gaba a tsakiyar shekarun 90s, kuma ita ce taron gwamnatoci na farko na al'amuran Arctic na ci gaba mai dorewa, da kare muhalli da kiyayewa. Ƙungiya ce ta musamman da aka ƙirƙira don wakiltar duk waɗannan yankuna sama da Arctic Circle. Kuma akwai kasashe takwas na Arctic: Amurka tana can saboda Alaska, Kanada, Masarautar Denmark, wato Greenland, Tsibirin Faroe, da Denmark, Iceland, Finland, Norway, Sweden sannan kuma ba shakka, Tarayyar Rasha. Sa'an nan kuma shida Arctic, 'yan asalin mutanen da suka hada da Athabaskans, da Aleut, da Gwich'in, da Inuit, da Saami, da kuma Rasha Arctic 'yan asalin Arewa. Don haka duk waɗannan al'ummomin suna kan tebur a Majalisar Arctic, kuma yadda Majalisar Arctic ke aiki ba ta kuri'a mafi rinjaye ba, koyaushe yana aiki ta hanyar yarjejeniya. Kuma suna da ƙungiyoyi masu aiki a kan duk waɗannan batutuwa daga kare yanayin ruwa da jigilar kaya, tunani game da jigilar jiragen ruwa da tsaro na Arctic, zuwa ci gaba mai dorewa na al'ummomin Arctic, lafiyar su, tattalin arzikinsu, da kuma al'amurran kiyaye flora da fauna Arctic. . Wadannan ƙungiyoyin aiki suna kawo ƙwararru, suna tattaunawa game da ayyukan da Majalisar Arctic ke ci gaba, kuma kowane lokaci a cikin wani lokaci Majalisar Arctic za ta ci gaba ta hanyar da ta dace. fiye da yarjejeniyar da dole ne a amince da su, alal misali, ta kasashe. Amma duk waɗannan abubuwan dole ne a yi su cikin yarjejeniya. Kuma sun mayar da hankali, kamar yadda na ce, a kan ci gaba mai dorewa da kare muhalli.

Holly Sommers: Rasha ita ce shugabar Majalisar Arctic daga 2021 har zuwa 2023. To amma dangane da mamayar da Rasha ta yi wa Ukraine, bangarorin da ke yankin Arctic sun fitar da wata sanarwa a ranar 3 ga Maris, inda suka bayyana cewa ba za su je kasar Rasha ba domin halartar taron. tarurruka na Majalisar Arctic, kuma ba za su shiga kowane taron majalisa ba. Wannan ya dakatar da ayyukan Majalisar Arctic yadda ya kamata. Sannan kuma a cikin watan Mayu na wannan shekara, an sami taƙaitaccen sake shiga. Za a iya kawai gaya mana kadan game da jerin abubuwan da suka faru? Shin wannan dakatarwar haɗin gwiwa ne, ganin cewa Majalisar Arctic ta yi aiki da yawa a waje da yanayin siyasa da batutuwan tsaro, shin wannan da gaske ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba a cikin Majalisar Arctic?

Melody Burkins: Iya, iya. Dukkanmu da ke aiki a cikin Arctic, abokan aikinmu na Rasha da masu haɗin gwiwa sun yi baƙin ciki sosai game da wannan. Har ila yau, akwai fahimtar cewa an yi wa wata kasa mamayewa ba gaira ba dalili, wanda ya kamata a magance da kuma tinkarar matsalar. Don haka ko da yake Majalisar Arctic ba ta nisanta daga waɗannan batutuwan na geopolitics, girman girman ƙarshen Fabrairu, farkon mamayewar Maris ya isa ga sauran ƙasashe bakwai na Majalisar Arctic su ce suna buƙatar tsayawa. Amma Majalisar Arctic, duk kungiyoyin aiki sun dakatar da aikinsu. Na fahimci akwai tattaunawa da abokan hulɗa da abokan aiki na Rasha har yanzu, amma yawancin binciken kimiyya, wasu daga cikinsu na iya ci gaba idan an riga an biya su, amma a Amurka, alal misali, idan an ba da kuɗi a baya, zai iya ci gaba kuma ko da yake akwai. wani tattaunawa ne na ko hakan zai kasance lafiya ga abokan tarayya, musamman abokan tarayya a Rasha, amma babu wasu sabbin ayyukan da ake tallafawa a halin yanzu a Amurka. Wasu ƙasashe sun zaɓi ƙila su daina ci gaba da haɗin gwiwa. Dukkanmu muna ƙoƙari mu mutunta kowace ƙasa, kowace gwamnati, kowace ƙungiya ta yanke shawarar yadda za a ci gaba. Akwai, kamar yadda na faɗa, wasu ƙayyadaddun wuraren haɗin gwiwar da ke ci gaba. Amma a yanzu, yawancin masu goyon baya suna kallon canjin shugabancin, wanda zai faru a watan Mayu na 2023 zuwa Norwegians, da abin da matakai na gaba na Majalisar Arctic zai iya zama.

Holly SommersA gaskiya ma, kamar yadda kuka ce, shugaban majalisar Arctic na gaba zai koma Norway a watan Mayun 2023. Amma mun ji a cikin 'yan makonnin da suka gabata cewa, alal misali, kasar Sin za ta ki tallafawa Shugaban Norwegian idan Rasha ba za ta iya shiga cikin ayyukan majalisar ba. Ta yaya majalisar za ta ci gaba da wannan? Za su iya ci gaba ba tare da sa hannun Rasha ba? Ko kuma an ba da cewa yankin Rasha a cikin Arctic shine, ina tsammanin, kusan kashi 50% na ƙasarta, shin Rasha tana da mahimmanci don barin waɗannan tattaunawa?

Melody Burkins: Wannan tambaya ce mai kyau. Kuma yana da wahala sosai. Mun ji daga ina tsammanin jakadan kasar Sin a Iceland ne a taron Arctic Circle, idan na tuna daidai, an yi wasu tattaunawa game da kasar Sin da ke nuna cewa ba lallai ba ne ta amince da Majalisar Arctic idan Rasha ta ci gaba da dakatar da majalisar, kuma muna yin haka. a yi amfani da wannan kalmar domin bege ne na makoma cewa duk mun dawo tare. Amma kasar Sin mai sa ido ce ga majalisar Arctic, ba mamba ba ce, abin da ake bukata don cimma matsaya don ci gaba. Masu kallo da yawa za su yi baƙin ciki don rasa abin da suka bayar, da haɗin kai. Amma ana iya fahimtar cewa Majalisar Arctic ita ce kasashe takwas na Arctic da kuma 'yan asalin Arctic. Don haka a matsayin mai kallo, zai zama abin takaici, amma wannan ba zai canza yadda Majalisar Arctic ke ci gaba ba. Wannan ya ce, Arctic na Rasha yana da matukar amfani ga makomar Arctic, babu shakka game da hakan. An yi kimiyyar yanayi da yawa tare da haɗin gwiwar ƴan asalin ƙasar Rasha, malaman Rasha, masu haɗin gwiwarmu na Rasha, kuma hakan ya ci gaba da kasancewa a dakata. Kuma a, ba shi da kyau ga bincike. Ba shi da kyau ga kimiyyar yanayi. Suna da matuƙar daraja. Har ila yau, akwai yanke shawara a halin yanzu game da makomar mulkin mallaka, 'yancin ɗan adam da dimokuradiyya da kuma yadda muke aiki tare da juna masu mahimmanci. Waɗannan su ne abin da Majalisar Arctic ta kafa a kai, amintattun haɗin gwiwa da tattaunawa da sanin iyakoki da iyakoki. Don haka lokacin da aka ketare hakan, Majalisar Arctic a halin yanzu tana cewa hakan ya yi yawa don sarrafa shi. Kuma yana buƙatar tattaunawa da yawa don ganin yadda Rasha za ta iya ko kuma za ta dawo a matsayin ƙungiyar.

Holly Sommers: Kuma Melody, ka ce akwai bincike da yawa da rikicin da ake fama da shi ya kawo cikas, sai kawai na yi tunanin ko za ka iya yin cikakken bayani game da mene ne ainihin wannan binciken; yana da alaƙa da permafrost? Shin bayanai ne muke asara? Menene ainihin wannan?

Melody Burkins: Eh, duk na sama ne. Mun sami mai magana a makon da ya gabata, Jeff Kirby na Jami'ar Aarhus, wanda ke da haɗin gwiwa na dogon lokaci tare da masu haɗin gwiwar Rasha da Ninet na asali. Kuma suna kallon permafrost, suna duban canjin yanayin muhalli, canjin yanayi, suna da tsarin da aka tsara a kan shimfidar wuri don duba halayen reindeer, suna komawa kowane ƴan watanni don duba su a baya. Kuma shekaru biyu yanzu, ba za su iya yin aiki tare da abokan aikinsu ba, a zahiri sun damu da amincin su ma, wani ɓangare na dalilin da ya sa ya kamata su yi hankali, kuma sun kasa bincika tsarin su. Don haka waɗannan fahimtar canjin permafrost, na wutar daji na canjin yanayi da kuma garken barewa, wanda shine, ka sani, mai mahimmanci ga arziƙi da makomar mutanen Ninet, haɗin gwiwar a yanzu yana kan tsayawa, kuma yana da matuƙar ƙalubale ga duk wanda ke da hannu. Wani abokin aikina, na koya, yana aiki akan ilimin harshe na yi imani da arewa maso gabashin Rasha, kuma dole ne ta fara aiwatar da bincikenta don yanzu ta yi aiki a Greenland, kuma, galibi don batutuwan samun dama, batutuwan tsaro, da duka biyun ta, amma har da abokan aikinta da damuwa game da amincin su idan sun haɗa kai a kan waɗannan batutuwa, babu wanda ke da tabbacin abin da zai iya faruwa.

Holly Sommers: Shin akwai wani abu da masu tsara manufofi ko waɗannan manyan ƙungiyoyin kimiyya waɗanda ke da ƙarfin murya, shin akwai wani abu da za su iya yi? Shin akwai wasu hanyoyin da za mu iya sanyawa don tabbatar da cewa geopolitics bai shafi irin wannan binciken kimiyya mai mahimmanci na lokaci kamar na Arctic da yanayin yanayinsa ba?

Melody Burkins: To, labari mai dadi shine cewa a zahiri akwai da yawa, dole ne mu aiwatar da su. Kuma ba haka ba ne ko da yaushe, ko dai yarjejeniyar yanayi ta Paris, da manufofin ci gaba mai dorewa, kuma, ba lallai ba ne ka'idojin ba, akwai ka'idoji. A zahiri an ƙirƙiri ƙa'idar saka hannun jari ta Arctic wacce ke da mutane da yawa waɗanda suka sanya hannu akan ta. Haƙiƙa ita ce Majalisar Tattalin Arctic ta Arctic, wacce irin ɗan uwanta ce ga Majalisar Arctic kuma tana tunani game da al'amuran tattalin arziki, kuma tana da jagorancin 'yan asalin ƙasar, tana riƙe da ka'idojin saka hannun jari na Arctic. Ina tsammanin an ƙirƙira shi a cikin 2016/17, na tabbata za a iya inganta shi, amma yana magana game da duk waɗannan dabi'un da muka tattauna, na tunanin dogon lokaci, game da yin aiki tare da daukar jagoranci, da kuma yanke shawara dole ne ya kasance cikin haɗin gwiwa ko kuma jagorancin al'ummomin ƴan asalin. To wadanda aka halicce su, ta yaya za mu aiwatar da su? Ta yaya za mu aiwatar da waɗannan labaran, waɗannan ka'idoji, waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin, Fairbanks, yarjejeniyar kimiyya na yadda yakamata mu haɗa ƙarin ilimin ɗan asalin ƙasa da aiki tare da al'ummomi. Ta yaya za mu yi haka? Na yi matukar farin ciki da ganin dabarun Arctic na kasa, dabarun Arctic na Amurka kawai ya fito, kuma tsaro yana da farko kamar yadda ya kamata. A cikin wannan, har ma da uku na gaba, duk sun kasance game da yin aiki tare da al'ummomin 'yan asalin Alaska, yin aiki tare da al'ummomin 'yan asalin da ke kusa da Arctic, ta yaya muke samar da, gudanarwa, tare da samar da mafita? Don haka yana faruwa, akwai guntu-guntu a wurin, kuma yanzu dole ne mu bi su.

Holly Sommers: Bayan jin labarin tasirin rikice-rikice na yanzu da rikice-rikice na geopolitical a kan Arctic, mun juya yanzu don bincika rawar da ke da wuyar gaske wanda sararin samaniya ke takawa a cikin rikice-rikice na yanzu da na gaba, da kuma tasirin rushewar haɗin gwiwa a kan muhimman ayyukan sararin samaniya.

Bakonmu na biyu shine Piero Benvenuti, tsohon farfesa a sashen Physics da Astronomy na Jami'ar Padua kuma tsohon babban sakataren babbar ƙungiyar taurari ta duniya: Ƙungiyar Astronomical ta Duniya (ko IAU).

Ina so in fara da tambayar ku yaushe ko ta yaya sha'awar ku ta sararin samaniya da ilmin taurari ya fara kuma me yasa filin yake da sha'awar ku sosai?

Piero Benvenuti: Sha'awar sararin samaniya da ilimin taurari ya fara ne tun ina yaro. Na yi sha'awar kallon sararin samaniyar taurari, taurari masu haske waɗanda suka bambanta da taurari kuma a hankali suna canza matsayinsu a cikin su, ga wata da matakansa. Na tuna ina wani lokacin rani a wani karamin kauye a Dolomites kuma a lokacin har yanzu sararin samaniya ba shi da gurɓatawar gurɓataccen hasken birane, don haka taurari suna kusa da za a taɓa su, kuma waɗannan dare suna da tasiri sosai wajen tantance jami'a. karatun da zan bi kuma daga baya game da sana'ata ta masanin sararin samaniya. A lokacin, muna tsakiyar 70s, ana buɗe sabon taga akan sararin samaniya. Kuma na tuna a farkon zamanina a matsayina na masanin falaki bayan wani taron karawa juna sani na Riccardo Giacconi, wanda daga baya ya zama wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a shekarar 2002. Don haka a wannan lokacin, na yanke shawarar cewa ilimin taurarin sararin samaniya shine babban abin sha'awar sana'ata. Kuma hakika, bayan ’yan shekaru ina aiki a matsayin masanin falaki na ƙasa, na shiga Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Turai. Kuma waɗannan shekarun sun nuna mana cewa samun damar sararin samaniya yana ba mu damar yin kyakkyawan ci gaba a cikin iliminmu na sararin samaniya. Don haka ina matukar farin ciki da shawarar da na yi tun farko wadda ta kai ni kan gaba a fannin ilmin taurari da ilmin sararin samaniya.

Holly Sommers: Piero, a cikin rawar da kuka yi a matsayin tsohon Sakataren dan uwan ​​omminnan uwan ​​igriya ta Duniya, Me ka yi imani shi ne aikin sararin samaniya da kuma ilimin halittunci dangane da mutane da yawa kalubalen kasar Adam ke fuskanta a yau?

Piero Benvenuti: To, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya da aka kafa a 1919, tana da wannan manufa don haɓaka da fadada kimiyyar taurari ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar duniya. Don haka a cikin ainihin manufa, yana magana ne game da haɗin kai a duk faɗin duniya, ba tare da kowane shamaki ba, ko kowane yanki, ko kowane bambanci a al'ada. Kuma saboda ilmin taurari na duniya ne. Sama daya ce gare mu duka, a duk inda muke. Don haka tana da karfi mai ƙarfi na haɗin kai wanda har yanzu ƙungiyar taurari ta duniya ke ci gaba da haɓakawa. Mu duka, a matsayinmu na masanin kimiyya, muna da ka'idar bangaskiya iri ɗaya, mun yi imani cewa duk wani abu, musamman ma kowane abu da muke gani a sararin sama, ana iya fassara shi da hankali, kuma ana iya haɗa shi cikin tsarin mu na gaskiya. Kuma wannan shi ne tsarin bangaskiya wanda dukan masana kimiyya ke rabawa kuma saboda haka yana da iko mai ƙarfi na haɗin kai. Don haka muna so mu bi hakan, duk da wahalhalun da muke fuskanta a cikin rayuwar yau da kullum da kuma yanayin yanayin siyasa da ke canzawa da kuma adawa da wannan babban zumuncin da muke da shi tare da dukkan masana kimiyya a duniya.

Holly Sommers: Na kusa tambayar ku game da hakan. Sakamakon mamayewar da Rasha ta yi wa Ukraine, an yi ayyukan kimiyya da haɗin gwiwa da yawa waɗanda ko dai sun yi tasiri sosai ko kuma aka dakatar da su gaba ɗaya. Kuna tsammanin za ku iya ba mu wasu misalan sararin samaniya da ayyukan sararin samaniya waɗanda rikicin yanzu ya shafa? 

Piero Benvenuti: To, hakika, misalin da ke zuwa a raina nan da nan shi ne aikin ExoMars na Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Turai, wani tsari ne da zai iya hakowa kasa da duniyar Mars, zuwa zurfin mita biyu. Kuma hakan zai zama babban ci gaba wajen fahimtar tarihin wannan duniyar. Amma abin takaici, wannan aikin ya kasance tare da haɗin gwiwar Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Rasha, Roscosmos, wanda ke ba da na'urar harba kumbon. Kuma a wannan lokaci, an dakatar da haɗin gwiwar ba zato ba tsammani, don haka makomar wannan manufa tana cikin haɗari a yanzu. Na san Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Turai tana ƙoƙarin nemo wata hanya ta dabam, amma a wannan yanayin yana da wahala sosai saboda ba za ku iya zaɓar lokacin harba tauraron dan adam ko jirgin sama don zuwa duniyar duniyar ba. Sabili da haka, komai yana da matukar mahimmanci, kuma haɗarin shine cewa zamu iya rasa shekaru da shekaru na aiki da albarkatu. Amma wannan misali ne bayyananne inda ba zato ba tsammani wani canji a cikin yanayin yanayin geopolitical zai iya tasiri, musamman ayyukan inda akwai haɗin gwiwa game da wurare. Muna fatan ci gaba da binciken haɗin gwiwar, amma lokacin da kuke haɗin gwiwa akan takamaiman aikin, wannan ya zama matsala ta gaske.

Holly Sommers: Kuma ta yaya wannan rugujewar haɗin gwiwar za ta yi tasiri sosai ga bincike a sararin samaniya a cikin dogon lokaci da ɗan gajeren lokaci, yaya tasiri yake? 

Piero Benvenuti: Ina tsammanin, hakika, za a iya samun tasiri na dogon lokaci na waɗannan, saboda duk da shirye-shiryenmu na dabi'a don haɗin gwiwa, da kuma ci gaba da bincike tare da ƙungiyar kowace ƙasa. Don haka muna fatan za a iya magance lamarin, amma kuma dole ne mu yi la'akari da cewa a wasu lokuta, kamar yanayin yanzu a Ukraine, cewa lokacin da aka lalata dukkanin abubuwan more rayuwa, saboda yaki, to, masana kimiyya ba za su iya aiki da gaske ba, ba za su iya ci gaba da haka ba. hakika muna matukar tausayi, ga abokan aikinmu da ke fuskantar wannan matsala mai zurfi. Kuma watakila sabon juyin halittar sadarwar Intanet daga sama, daga sararin samaniya na iya taimakawa. Kamar yadda muka sani, wannan ya riga ya yi tasiri a kan halin da ake ciki na Ukraine saboda mutane na iya haɗawa da intanet ba tare da lalata kayan aiki a ƙasa ba, saboda siginar yana fitowa kai tsaye daga tauraron dan adam.

Holly Sommers: Kuma muna magana ne game da Starlink Ina tsammani a nan? Tauraron tauraron dan adam na intanet, da kuma kusan irin rawar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu irin su SpaceX ke takawa a sararin samaniya, kamar yadda kuka ambata, ya bayyana sosai a cikin mamayar da Rasha ta yi wa Ukraine kamar yadda hakan ya bayyana. Kuna tsammanin za ku iya ba mu ɗan ƙarin bayani game da tasirin geopolitical na waɗannan nau'ikan tauraron dan adam, ku ma da kanku kun halarci Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Amfani da Zaman Lafiya na sararin samaniya (COPOUS). Kuma kun ga irin wannan tattaunawa a kusa, ina mamakin irin muhawarar da ake yi a can game da waɗannan batutuwa? Kuma menene tasirin waɗannan tauraron dan adam?

Piero Benvenuti: Eh, wannan wani sabon yanayi ne kwata-kwata, inda muka fuskanci matsala ta hakika, domin a gefe guda, wannan kungiyar ta Starlink za ta ba da hidima mai matukar amfani ga al’umma, domin kana iya jona Intanet daga ko’ina a duniya, tare da eriya mai sauƙi. Amma a gefe guda, mun fahimci cewa yawancin tauraron dan adam da muke magana a cikin ƴan shekaru, wani abu kamar 70,000, ko ma tauraron dan adam 100,000 suna kewayawa a cikin ƙananan sararin samaniya. Wadannan tauraron dan adam, don wani yanki mai kyau na dare, har yanzu suna haskakawa da rana, don haka suna fitowa a sararin sama a cikin dare. Wasu daga cikinsu za a iya gani ko da ido ne, amma dukkansu za a iya gani, ko kuma a iya gano su, ta hanyar na'urorin hangen nesa masu mahimmanci da muke amfani da su ta fasaha. Don haka akwai mummunan tasiri na wannan rukunin taurarin da ake fuskanta a yanzu, kuma muna tattaunawa akan hakan a matakin kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don amfani da sararin samaniya cikin lumana. Akwai abubuwa da yawa na wannan da ya kamata a yi la'akari da su, amma ɗaya shine tasirin tauraron dan adam a kan ilimin taurari. Kuma muna tattaunawa kai tsaye tare da kamfanoni yadda za a rage wannan tasirin. An samu wasu sakamako, amma mun yi nisa da cimma matsaya kan hakan. Kuma a cikin tattaunawar da aka yi a kwamitin COPOUS a Vienna, kwanan nan tattaunawar ta lalace ta hanyar yanayin siyasa. Dukkanin tawagogin, baya ga kasar Rasha, suna kokawa kan mamayar da aka yi wa kasar Ukraine, nan take wakilin na Rasha ya amsa da cewa, wannan ba hujja ba ce da za a tattauna a wannan kwamiti. Amma, ka sani, ko da wannan kwamiti ne na zaman lafiya don amfani da sararin samaniya cikin lumana, yanayin yanayin siyasa yana shafar amfani da lumana. Don haka halin da muke ciki ne mai matukar wahala. Domin a hannu daya muna son a nemo hanyar warware wannan matsala ta hanyar lumana amma tattaunawa ta karkatar da maslaha, wadanda ko kadan ba su da zaman lafiya, abin takaici.

Holly Sommers: Sai kawai na yi mamaki, shin mene ne matsayin kungiyar taurari ta duniya a matsayinta na kungiyar kimiyya ta kasa da kasa dangane da shawarwari, raya manufofi, wadanda muke magana a kai a yanzu dangane da amfani da tauraron dan adam da wadannan batutuwa?

Piero Benvenuti: Abin farin ciki, an shigar da mu a matsayin mai sa ido na dindindin, a matsayin ƙungiya, a cikin kwamitin don amfani da sararin samaniya cikin lumana. Muna amfani da wannan kasancewar a cikin kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don tada hankalin tawagar, kuma mun sami nasara a can. A cikin taro na ƙarshe na kwamitin kimiyya da fasaha na COPUOS, kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na wakilai sun shiga tsakani don fahimtar cewa wannan ƙungiyar taurari tana wakiltar matsala ga kimiyya gabaɗaya. Kuma mun cimma wata muhimmiyar manufa, wadda ita ce ta sa wakilan su gane cewa ilmin falaki yana taimaka wa dukkan ayyukan sararin samaniya, a haƙiƙa, muna buƙatar nazarin sararin samaniya don ci gaba da binciken sararin samaniya. Don haka, wannan amincewar yana nufin cewa dole ne kwamitin ya damu game da kare ilimin taurari. Ilimin taurari a yanzu ba daya ne kawai daga cikin sauran ayyukan kimiyya ba, yana samar mana, sararin samaniya yana samar mana da dakin gwaje-gwaje inda za mu iya gwada yanayin jiki wanda ba za mu taba iya haifuwa ba a duniya. Don haka yana da yuwuwar musamman don ci gaba a cikin ilimin kimiyya na gaskiya. Kuma dole ne mu yi taka-tsan-tsan don haka, wajen kare damar samun wannan bayanai.

Holly Sommers: A ƙarshen tattaunawarmu, na tambayi duka baƙi ko suna da saƙon bege ga rawar da Arctic da sararin samaniya a nan gaba. 

Melody Burkins: Na yi aikin kimiyya, na yi aikin gwamnati, na yi aikin gwamnati, kuma ba butulci ba ne, ni mai gaskiya ne, amma kuma ina da bege. Ina ganin matsalolin zamantakewa a kanmu cewa ya kamata mu yi mafi kyau a matsayinmu na mutane. Akwai ƙarin hanyoyin samun muryoyin daga Arctic, yanzu muna da kafofin watsa labarun, ribobi da fursunoni na kafofin watsa labarun, amma ana iya ƙara muryoyin shugabannin Arctic ta hanyar da ba su taɓa iyawa ba. Duk dalibana, suna jin haka, suna koyo game da mutanen Arctic, suna koyo game da matsin lamba a kan Arctic, kuma suna son kasancewa cikin mafita mai dorewa. Akwai hukumar da ɗalibaina ke jin cewa suna da su a cikin yin sa mafi kyau yin shi kasancewar abokan hulɗa suna sauraron masu riƙe ilimin Arctic, wannan canji ne. Bugu da ƙari, na ji Shugaba, Ina jin masu gudanarwa suna magana game da raba ilimi tare da mutanen Arctic, waɗannan sharuɗɗa ne da jimloli, cewa dole ne in kasance da bege na gaske, cewa za a aiwatar da su kuma mutane suna ganin yadda muka shiga. wannan wuri. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da na yi magana akai-akai shine ba za mu iya tsammanin samun ci gaba mai dorewa, haɗaka da daidaito ga Arctic ba, idan ba mu tabbatar da cewa muna da yanke shawara mai dorewa, adalci da kuma ilimin da ke tafiya ba. a ciki. Don haka dole ne mu yi wannan don samun ƙarin dorewa da ɗa'a da daidaiton makomar Arctic. Ina tsammanin muna da kayan aikin da za mu yi. Kuma ina fata mutanenmu na gaba da wasu shugabanninmu a wurare masu karfi suna fadin haka.

Piero Benvenuti: Ina nufin, mun kasance wani ɓangare na babban juyin halitta wanda ya fara shekaru biliyan 14 da suka wuce, kuma yanzu ya sa lamiri ya fito a wannan ƙasa. Don haka wannan ya sa mu da alhakin dukan sararin duniya, mu ne lamiri na sararin samaniya. Kuma ina ganin cewa za a isar da sakon da ke fitowa daga ilmin sararin samaniya a ko'ina zuwa ga al'umma baki daya, kuma su kara daukar nauyin kare muhalli, amma kuma su girmama kowa, ko wane dan Adam, domin dukkanmu muna karkashin sama daya ne, hakika mu duka muke. kayayyakin duniya guda. Kuma watakila wannan shi ne abin da kuka sani, irin tunanin falsafar da masana kimiyya za su iya yadawa ga al'umma gaba daya, kuyi ƙoƙarin yin hakan mafi ma'ana da kwanciyar hankali, tare da manufa guda don ci gaban dukan bil'adama.

Holly Sommers: Mun gode sosai da sauraron wannan shirin na Kimiyya a Zamanin Matsala, a shirinmu na gaba za mu tattauna da Dr Alaa Hamdon, darektan Cibiyar Sensing Remote a Jami'ar Mosul. A cikin 2014, lokacin da ISIS ta karbe birnin Mosul, Dr Alaa ya yi nasarar tserewa, ya bar rayuwarsa gaba daya. Za mu tattauna da shi abin da ya faru a matsayinsa na masanin kimiyar gudun hijira, komawarsa birnin Mosul da aka lalata, da kuma muhimmancin dakin karatu na jami'ar Mosul, wanda ya taimaka wajen sake gina shi.

 - Ra'ayoyin, yanke shawara da shawarwarin da ke cikin wannan faifan bidiyo na baƙi ne da kansu ba lallai ba ne na Majalisar Kimiyya ta Duniya ba -

Nemo ƙarin game da aikin ISC akan 'yanci da alhakin kimiyya

'Yanci da Nauyi a Kimiyya

'Yancin shiga da kuma cin gajiyar ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha yana kunshe ne a cikin shela ta kasa da kasa ta kare hakkin dan Adam, kamar yadda hakkin shiga cikin binciken kimiyya, neman aiki da sadar da ilimi, da kuma yin cudanya cikin 'yanci cikin irin wadannan ayyuka.