Bayanin matsayi akan Gene Patenting

Bayanin ICSU akan Gene Patenting (Satumba 2011)

An sabunta wannan sanarwa kuma Hukumar Gudanarwar ICSU ta amince da ita a cikin Satumba 2011. Ya maye gurbin sigar Yuni 2002.

Dangane da gagarumin ci gaba na baya-bayan nan a kimiyya da doka (duba ƙasa), ICSU ta ƙayyadad da matsayinta kan haƙƙin mallaka kamar haka:

1. Ƙoƙarin neman bayanan haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka bai kamata ya lalata ko dai ci gaban kimiyyar asali ba ko samun damar yin amfani da bayanan da ya wajaba don ci gaba da ci gaba da irin wannan ci gaba (Bayanin ICSU, 1992);
2. ICSU na adawa da yunƙurin neman haƙƙin haƙƙin DNA (cDNA) jerin abubuwan da suka dace da sassan RNAs da ba a san su ba (mRNA) ta hanyar haɓaka mahimman saka hannun jari da ci gaba;
3. ICSU ta bukaci hukumomin da abin ya shafa da su yi la'akari da abubuwan da za a iya haifar da su (ga kimiyya da al'umma) yayin yin la'akari da aikace-aikacen (haɗin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta) da kuma tabbatar da tsauraran aikace-aikacen ka'idodin mallaka na dogon lokaci (ICSU, 2002).

A cikin 2000, hukumomin da suka dace a Turai da Amurka sun sake duba matsayinsu kan ikon mallakar kwayoyin halitta:

• Dokar Turai Biotechnology Directive 98/44/EC, [i] wanda ya ƙunshi tanadi game da haƙƙin mallaka na Jerin DNA, ya fara aiki. Mataki na 5 (2) ya ce: “Wani abu da aka keɓe daga jikin ɗan adam ko kuma aka samar da shi ta hanyar fasaha, gami da jeri ko wani ɓangare na jerin kwayoyin halitta, na iya zama abin ƙirƙira mai haƙƙin mallaka, koda kuwa tsarin wannan sigar ta kasance. mai kama da na halitta”;
• Ofishin Patent da Alamar kasuwanci ta Amurka (USPTO) ya amsa damuwarsa, musamman daga Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa (NIH) kan manufofin ba da haƙƙin mallaka don gutsuttsuran jerin kwayoyin halitta da aka fi sani da Expressed Sequence Tags. USPTO ta karɓi ƙarin ƙaƙƙarfan jagororin gwaji game da buƙatun rubutaccen kwatance da amfani.

A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ƙa'idar da aka shimfida a cikin umarnin EC an fassara shi sosai kuma an yi amfani da shi, kuma kashi biyar na kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam yanzu suna da haƙƙin mallaka da aka bayar ko suna jira. Duk da yake yana da fa'ida wajen tabbatar da saka hannun jari don haɓaka samfura, an soki hukuncin bisa dalilan rashin yin gasa (tun da ba za a iya sake ƙirƙira kwayar halitta ba) da kuma rashin hankali (tunda bayanan da ke cikin kwayar halitta iri ɗaya ne ko a ciki ne ko a waje). jikin mutum). Abubuwan da ke damun su shine cewa farashin monopolistic na iya iyakance damar samun fa'ida daidai gwargwado, da kuma haɓakar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam zai haifar da 'kauri' wanda ke hana haɓakar gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa.[ii]

Abubuwan da suka faru na baya-bayan nan a kotunan dokokin Amurka da ci gaban kimiyya yanzu suna tayar da tambayoyi masu mahimmanci game da wannan ƙa'idar da fassararta ta hukumomin ba da izini:

• a cikin 2010, ƙungiyar masu bincike na Amurka, masu ba da shawara kan kwayoyin halitta, ƙungiyoyin kimiyya, ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiyar mata da Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Jama'a ta Amurka [iii] ta gabatar da ƙarar da Ofishin Alamar kasuwanci ta Amurka, Myriad Genetics, da Jami'ar Utah Research Foundation. .[iv] Myriad suna da jerin haƙƙin mallaka don kwayoyin halittar da ke da alaƙa da kamuwa da cutar kansar nono don haka sun kafa ƙaƙƙarfan ikon amfani da su. Shari'ar ta yi iƙirarin cewa irin waɗannan haƙƙin mallaka sun sabawa Ƙimar Farko da dokar haƙƙin mallaka saboda kwayoyin halitta "samfurin yanayi ne". Alkalin Kotun Gundumar Amurka na gundumar Kudancin New York ya yanke hukunci a ranar 29 ga Maris 2010 cewa bakwai daga cikin haƙƙin Myriad ba su da inganci, yana mai jaddada asalin bayanan jeri na keɓantaccen kwayar halittar da ke cikin jiki. Shari’ar dai na gudana ne ta hanyar daukaka kara;
• Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta shigar da wani takaitaccen bayani kan Amicus Curiae ga Kotun Daukaka Kara, [v] yana goyan bayan ra'ayin da ke ware amma kwayoyin halittar dan Adam da ba a canza su ba samfura ne na yanayi kuma ba za a iya hayar su ba. Takaitaccen bayanin ya yarda da cewa wannan ƙarshe ya canza dabi'un hukumomin gwamnati waɗanda a baya suka nemi kuma suka sami irin waɗannan haƙƙin mallaka;
• Haɓaka jerin DNA, wanda ke haifar da adadi mai yawa na kwayoyin halitta suna samuwa kyauta, yana lalata manufar 'farkon fasaha' a cikin jerin abubuwan da ke faruwa a zahiri. Yayin da filin ya girma, matakan ƙirƙira za su ƙara zama ƙasa kuma su kai ga ƙayyadaddun tsari da samfuran haƙƙin mallaka. Za a ci gaba da muhawara game da matsayin haƙƙin mallaka na jerin abubuwan da aka gyara da na de novo, amma muhawarar za ta kasance game da amfani da iyakokin da'awar maimakon ƙirƙira.

Yayin da ilimin kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta ke ci gaba da bunkasa, yana buɗe sabbin damammaki masu ban sha'awa don ci gaban kasuwanci da magani, yana da mahimmanci cewa an ɗauki darussan shekaru goma da suka gabata. Ana buƙatar kiyaye ma'auni mafi kyau tsakanin amfani da haƙƙin mallaka don karewa da ƙarfafa ƙirƙira na gaske da kuma darajar bayanan kwayoyin halitta a bayyane ta yadda za a iya amfani da su sosai a cikin bincike da ƙirƙira don amfanin bil'adama gaba ɗaya.[vi]

[i]

OJ L213/13, 30 Yuli 1998; http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1998:213:0013:0021:EN:PDF

[ii]

Ƙididdigar Gene da Ayyukan Lasisi da Tasirin su akan Samun Majinyaci zuwa Gwajin Halitta: Rahoton Kwamitin Shawarar Sakatare akan Genetics, Lafiya, da Al'umma (SACGHS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, Afrilu 2010); http://oba.od.nih.gov/oba/SACGHS/reports/SACGHS_patents_report_2010.pdf.

[iii]

Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Amurka da Ofishin Alamar Kasuwanci, Kudancin Kudancin New York (29 Maris 2010); http://www.aclu.org/files/assets/2010-3-29-AMPvUSPTO-Opinion.pdf

[iv]

Wannan ya biyo bayan kalubale iri-iri na kotu a duniya game da haƙƙin mallaka, musamman na Myriad.

[v]

Taƙaitaccen ga Amurka kamar yadda Amicus Curiae ke Goyan bayan Dukan Jam'iyyar da aka gabatar ga Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka don Zagin Tarayya, re (1) (29 Oktoba 2010); http://patentdocs.typepad.com/files/croplife-international-amicus-brief.pdf.

[vi]

Bayanin Venice akan Haƙƙin Ji daɗin Fa'idodin Ci gaban Kimiyya da Aikace-aikacen sa, Venice, Italiya, 17 Yuli 2009, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001855/185558e.pdf.