Cutar sankara ta coronavirus (COVID-19) ta haifar da rikicin ɗan adam a duniya, wanda ya buƙaci tsararrun martani, gaggawa. Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (MDD) ya yi kira da a gaggauta daukar mataki, “don mayar da martanin lafiya cikin gaggawa da ake buƙata don dakile yada kwayar cutar don kawo karshen cutar da kuma magance yawancin bangarorin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na wannan rikicin.[1]“. Barkewar cutar kuma tana buƙatar tunani da yanke shawara wanda ke tallafawa tsarin yanayin yanayin bayanai wanda ya fi cikakke fiye da halin yanzu, kuma wanda ke kallon gaba sosai fiye da hanyoyin gajerun hanyoyin da suka gabata.
Barkewar COVID-19 ya haifar da yaɗuwar tsare-tsare don sauƙaƙe buɗe damar yin amfani da bincike na kimiyya da bayanan bayanai da ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar bincike ta hanyar dandamali na dijital. Koyaya, akwai damuwa game da ingancin bayanai da wallafe-wallafen da aka bayar a kusa da ainihin lokaci, wanda ke haifar da yiwuwar yanke shawara mara kyau. Waɗannan batutuwan sun haɗa da kamantawa da fassarar bayanai, musamman tsakanin ƙasashe, rashin isassun ƙayyadaddun tsari, da kuma yarda da sakamakon siyasa da ba shi da inganci wanda zai iya haifar da karkata ga hanyoyin kimiyya. Kira don bayanai da bincike ya zama dole dangane da tattaunawa game da yaduwar cutar.
Lokacin da ya zo ga tsinkaya ko gargadin farko game da annoba da sauran haɗari masu haɗari, ƙirar ƙira da nazarin yanayi ta amfani da bayanan tarihi da na yanzu sune tushen tushe. An sami darussa da yawa da aka koya daga matsanancin ciwo na numfashi na baya-bayan nan (SARS) da ciwo na numfashi na gabas ta tsakiya (MERS), waɗanda suka yi jayayya don ƙarin bincike na koyarwa. A zahiri, akwai wadatattun bayanai waɗanda ba a yi amfani da su ko kuma ba a yi amfani da su a matakin gida, yanki da na duniya, waɗanda za su iya taimakawa sosai kan martanin balaguron bala'in na yanzu da na gaba.[2]. Manyan bayanai kamar bayanan kafofin watsa labarun (misali, daga Facebook, WhatsApp, Twitter, da sauransu) da bayanan gida (misali, daga bayanan gwajin gwaji, masu amfani da wayar hannu, bayanan jirgin, da sauransu) na iya baiwa masu ƙira damar haɓaka yanayin yanayi don ƙarin fahimta. da kuma hasashen yaduwar cututtuka da kuma illolinsa.
Ana kamuwa da cutar ta COVID-19 da farko tsakanin mutane ta hanyar ɗigon numfashi da hanyoyin tuntuɓar juna, misali, lokacin da mutum ke kusanci da wanda ke da alamun numfashi kamar tari ko atishawa. Hakanan na iya faruwa ta hanyar fomites a cikin muhallin da ke kusa da wanda ya kamu da cutar. Don haka, watsa COVID-19 na iya faruwa ta hanyar saduwa kai tsaye tare da wanda ya kamu da cutar da/ko tuntuɓar kai tsaye tare da saman da ke kusa da wurin mai cutar. Wannan yanayin watsawa yana sa ya zama da wahala a iya ganowa da fahimtar abubuwan da ke tattare da yaduwar cutar.
Nisantar da jama'a da keɓewa su ne mafi kyawun matakan rage yaduwar COVID-19 a cikin ƙima. Koyaya, ƙimar yarda suna canzawa, kuma a lokuta da yawa, cikakken nisantar da jama'a ba zai yuwu a zahiri ba kuma soley ya dogara ga sa hannun jama'a na son rai. Wannan sau da yawa gaskiya ne saboda al'adu da abubuwan more rayuwa. Ayyukan nisantar da jama'a sun haɗa da: a) nisantar fita waje da nisantar hulɗar jiki tare da wasu b) ci gaba da hulɗa da mutane ta hanyar sadarwar zamantakewa maimakon saduwa da mutum da kuma c) kasancewa mai himma da tsaftar mutum ta hanyar wanke hannu akai-akai. Wannan ya sa ƙasashe masu tasowa su kasance masu rauni a yanzu kuma, a kan ci gaba, ga igiyoyin ruwa na gaba. Wanke hannu yana zama da wahala idan babu, ko rashin isassun damar samun ruwan famfo. Gwamnatoci na iya buƙatar mutane kada su fita aiki, amma idan hakan yana nufin cewa danginsu ba za su ci abinci ba, wataƙila mutane za su fita don samun abin da suke bukata don tsira (la’akari da halin da ake ciki a ƙasashen da guguwar ta lalata). COVID-19 ya fara yaduwa a cikin ƙasashen Pacific (misali, a Fiji) kuma tsarin kiwon lafiya na waɗannan ƙasashe ba su da ikon iya jurewa. Haɗin COVID-19 da lokacin guguwa yana ƙara matsa lamba kan mahimman ayyuka da albarkatu. Kasashen da tsarin kiwon lafiyarsu ke fama da shi ba za su iya yin kwafin nasarar da sauran kasashen da suka ci gaba suka samu wajen dakile barkewar cutar ba.
Ba za a sami daidaitaccen martani ga murmurewa daga COVID-19 ba saboda, aƙalla a wani ɓangare, ga rashin ingantaccen tsarin yanayin halittu masu girma da yawa don tallafawa tsai da shawara da ingantaccen tushe. Wataƙila COVID-19 zai sake dawowa cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba yayin da waɗannan ƙasashen suka shiga matakan farfadowa da ragewa. Yankin da ba a zata ba wanda ke buƙatar ƙarin fahimta shine batun keɓewa da ƙimar yarda. Don haka, don samun ingantattun shawarwari na manufofi, akwai buƙatu mai mahimmanci kuma cikin gaggawa don hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta gaba-gaba. Kasashe sun riga sun yi amfani da bayanai daga kasashen da COVID-19 ya shafa, gami da na kasashen makwabta, don ingantacciyar shawarar manufofin mayar da martani. Kowane sashe a cikin ƙasashen ya kamata ya kasance yana amfani da kayan aiki da dabaru akai-akai don fahimtar tasirin sashinsu da haɓaka tsare-tsaren ci gaba da kasuwanci ko shirye-shiryen mayar da martani.
Amfani da bayanai yana zama mafi ƙanƙanta lokacin da ya wuce ƙirar ƙira zuwa bin diddigin mutane kai tsaye don gano yanayin yada cuta. Misali, yayin da cutar ta bulla a kasar Sin a farkon watan Janairun 2020, balaguron kasa da kasa ya ci gaba kamar yadda aka saba. Ya zuwa ranar 31 ga Janairu, barkewar cutar ta riga ta karu a cikin birane sama da 30 a cikin kasashe 26, mafi yawan wadanda suka yi balaguro daga Wuhan.[3]. Kwayar cutar ta fara yaduwa a cikin gida, tana tafiya cikin sauri a cikin wuraren da aka killace kamar wuraren addini da gidajen abinci, tare da kamuwa da mutanen da ba su yi balaguro zuwa China ba - farkon barkewar cutar. Ya zuwa Maris, an ba da rahoton dubunnan lokuta a Italiya, Spain, Amurka, Iran da Koriya ta Kudu. Kasar Sin ba ita ce babbar 'matsalar' barkewar cutar ba (Hoto na 1). Sabbin shari'o'in sun fara hauhawa sosai a kasashe kamar Italiya, Amurka da Iran. Mutanen da ke balaguro zuwa waɗancan ƙasashen daga baya sun kawo ƙararraki zuwa ƙasashensu na nesa kamar sauran nahiyoyi. Yanzu dai cutar ta yadu zuwa kowace nahiya in ban da Antarctica. Ana iya amfani da amfani da irin wannan bayanin na gaba don hana yaduwar COVID-19. Ingantacciyar amsa ga irin wannan yaɗuwar ta dogara ne akan sa baki akan lokaci, wanda ya dace da duk hanyoyin samun bayanai.
Amfani da bayanai don tsinkayar duk wani tasiri mai nisa na barkewar cutar yana da wahala. Yana buƙatar kewayon ayyuka masu haɗin gwiwa, fannoni da yawa da masana don yin aiki tare don haɓaka cikakkiyar amsa da shirin dawowa. Gudanar da bayanan yana kuma buƙatar kafawa don amsawar COVID-19 da murmurewa a cikin ƙasa. Binciken ƙetare-ɓangare, haɓaka amfani da bayanai yayin da kuma tabbatar da sarrafawa da daidaitaccen damar yin amfani da bayanai shine mabuɗin don fahimta, ragewa da amsa fashewa da kuma shirya abubuwan da zasu faru nan gaba. Misali, bayanai masu ƙididdigewa da ƙididdiga waɗanda ake amfani da su don fahimtar halayen ɗan adam, motsi da mu'amala za a iya amfani da su don taimakawa hasashen yadda da kuma inda COVID-19 zai yaɗu. Fasaha masu tasowa suna ƙara zama mahimmanci a cikin yaƙi da cutar da ƙoƙarin dakatar da COVID-19.
Ana iya ganin ingantacciyar sa ido da tuntuɓar tuntuɓar kamar yadda ya cancanta don rage yaɗuwar watsawa tsakanin al'ummomi. Waɗannan matakan da fasahohin da ke tallafa musu su ma suna ba da haɗari. Gwamnatoci a duk faɗin duniya sun aiwatar da nau'ikan sa ido na dijital, sa ido ta jiki da matakan tantancewa (watau gwamnatoci a duk faɗin Asiya sun aiwatar da aikin ba da kariya ga COVID-19 fiye da kowane yanki, yayin da ƙasashen Turai suka gabatar da mafi yawan matakan sa ido na dijital.[4]). A cikin Maris, an aiwatar da sabbin matakan sa ido na dijital guda 20 a cikin nahiyoyin duniya da suka hada da Turai, Asiya da Kudancin Amurka.[5] Irin waɗannan matakan bin diddigin sun bambanta daga ƙa'idodin neman tuntuɓar tuntuɓar masu tuntuɓar sadarwa zuwa babban sikelin siye da tattara bayanan wurin da ba a san su ba. Zaɓuɓɓukan fasaha na ci gaba (kamar saurin gano jama'a mai sarrafa kansa gami da amfani da bayanan wurin GPS da bayanan Bluetooth) zai ba jami'ai damar gano daidai da sa ido kan yawan jama'ar su don sanar da yanke shawara da aiwatar da matakan sassauta yaduwar cutar. Misalin wannan ya fito ne daga wani bincike a Singapore inda masana kimiyya suka yi nazarin bayanai daga Bluetooth ta hanyar amfani da manhajar TraceTogether akan wayoyin hannu don ganin kwanaki nawa aka dauka don saduwa da juna.[6]. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa hukumomi sun sami damar tuntuɓar mutane a cikin kwanaki 3-4. Wani misali na baya-bayan nan na tsarin dijital na Koriya ta Kudu wanda ke sauƙaƙe nauyi akan masu gano tuntuɓar ɗan adam yana nuna yadda zai yiwu a ayyana gano tuntuɓar cikin sauri (watau cikin mintuna 10).[7]) don rage yaduwar cutar. Sauran misalan na yanzu na dabarun sa ido na dijital sun haɗa da:
Koyaya, yana da mahimmanci a kiyaye iyakokin yadda za'a iya samun damar irin waɗannan bayanan da amfani da su yayin wannan lokacin bala'i. Wannan ya haɗa da tabbatar da tsaron bayanan sirri da cin zarafi na sirri, haɓaka bincike da tabbatar da cewa waɗannan matakan ba su ci gaba ba fiye da yadda ya kamata.
Za'a iya amfani da hanyoyi da yawa don fahimtar watsawa, kimanta fashewa, sadarwa mai haɗari, kima tasirin tasirin akan mahimman ayyuka da sauran ayyuka. Samfuran tushen hanyar sadarwa na Tsarin Tsarin (SOS), fasahar wayar hannu, ƙididdiga akai-akai da ƙididdige mafi girman yiwuwar ƙima, hangen nesa bayanai, geostatistics, ka'idar jadawali, kididdigar Bayesian, ƙirar ƙira, hanyoyin haɗin shaida da rikitattun tsarin tunani don hulɗar tsarin akan Ana iya amfani da tasirin COVID-19. Misali na kayan aiki da fasahohin da za a iya amfani da su don yin aiki da wuri da wuri don hana ci gaba da yaɗuwar cutar ko kuma hanzarta dakile yaduwar COVID-19, ƙarfafa juriyar tsarin kiwon lafiya da ceton rayuka da tallafin gaggawa ga ƙasashe masu tasowa masu kasuwanci da kamfanoni. wanda aka nuna a hoto na 2. Akwai kuma jagorar WHO akan 'Gaggawa Lafiya da Gudanar da Hadarin Bala'i[8]" UNDRR ta goyi bayan 'Katin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a[9]', da sauran jagororin (misali Tunani mai amfani na WHO da shawarwari ga shugabannin addini da al'ummomin da ke da imani a cikin yanayin COVID-19[10]) wanda zai iya inganta tsarin mayar da martani. Ana buƙatar tabbatar da cewa kowane irin wannan amfani ya yi daidai, ƙayyadaddun kuma an kiyaye shi kuma baya ƙara haɗarin 'yancin ɗan adam. Don haka yana da mahimmanci a bincika dalla-dalla ƙalubalen haɓaka amfani da bayanai a cikin yanayi na gaggawa, yayin da tabbatar da iyakacin aiki, daidaitacce da mutunta kariyar da ake buƙata da iyakoki. Wannan aiki ne mai rikitarwa kuma COVID-19 zai samar mana da mahimman lokuta na gwaji. Hakanan yana da mahimmanci cewa an fassara bayanai daidai. In ba haka ba, fassarar kuskure na iya kai kowane sashe zuwa hanyoyin da ba daidai ba.
Kasashe da yawa har yanzu suna koyon yadda ake amfani da bayanai don yanke shawararsu a wannan mawuyacin lokaci. Kwayar cutar ta COVID-19 za ta ba da darussa masu mahimmanci game da buƙatar bincike na yanki da kuma yadda, a irin waɗannan lokuta na gaggawa, don daidaita amfani da damar fasaha da bayanai don tinkarar annoba daga tushen kariya. Darussan da aka koya daga wannan mummunar barkewar na iya samar da ci gaba mai mahimmanci a shirye-shiryen yaƙar cutar da za ta iya faruwa a nan gaba. The Ƙungiya Taskungiyar CODATA akan Bayanan GASKIYA don Binciken Haɗarin Bala'i yana shirya jerin taƙaitaccen bayani kan batutuwan DRR da yawa.. Tare da haɗin gwiwar wasu masana da masu wasan kwaikwayo a sararin samaniya wannan zai yi la'akari dalla-dalla game da batutuwan manufofin dangane da bayanai don sanar da martanin cutar.
Domin sauke cikakken takarda, latsa nan.
Yarda: Marubucin ya yarda da goyon bayan edita da kuma sharhi masu mahimmanci da aka samu daga Simon Hodson, Babban Darakta, CODATA.
Hotuna: NASA akan Wikicommons.
[1] Alhaki ɗaya, haɗin kai na duniya: amsa tasirin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na COVID-19, UN, 2020
[2] Hanyar igiyar ruwa ta haɗa da wasu haɗari masu haɗari ko ƙarin haɗari na halitta a cikin lokacin bala'i
[3] Daily The New York Times, Maris 26, 2020 edition
[4] https://www.top10vpn.com/news/surveillance/covid-19-digital-rights-tracker/
[5] Top10VPN: COVID-19 Digital Rights Tracker (https://www.gpsworld.com/19-countries-track-mobile-locations-to-fight-covid-19)
[6] TraceTogether- https://www.healthhub.sg/apps/38/tracetogether-app
[7] http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20200326000987
[8] Hukumar Lafiya ta WHO ta Gaggawa da Gudanar da Hadarin Bala'i - https://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/preparedness/health-emergency-and-disaster-risk-management-framework-eng.pdf?ua=1
[9]UNDRR Public Health Scorecard Addendum https://www.unisdr.org/campaign/resilientcities/assets/toolkit/documents/Disaster%20Resilience%20Scorecard_Public%20Health%20Addendum%20Ver1%20Final_July%202018.
[10] https://www.who.int/publications-detail/practical-considerations-and-recommendations-for-religious-leaders-and-faith-based-communities-in-the-context-of-covid-19?fbclid=IwAR0GtTGRHqvgrDd7KiRLH6Sza8bJ7aQP40cSsyFju3w-HFRQBIY7YiC9eU8
Kara karantawa game da Shin muna gina kayayyakin more rayuwa na ilimi na duniya ga duniyar da muke da ita ko kuma ga duniyar da muke ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirawa?
Kara karantawa game da Gina shirye-shiryen kimiyya na gaba a Kudancin Duniya
Kara karantawa game da kiran yanzu an rufe shi don ƙwararrun Ƙungiyar Aiki na IPCC akan Tallafin Bayanai don Ƙimar Canjin Yanayi
