Lokacin da kokarin kawar da cutar shan inna na Indiya ya shiga cikin babban aiki a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, kasar tana ganin kusan mutane 150,000 na kamuwa da cutar a duk shekara.
Kwararru sun sake yin aiki da ka'idojin rigakafin don dacewa da yanayin ƙasa: sun yi amfani da rigakafin gungu don rufe manyan ƙungiyoyi cikin sauri, daidaita jadawalin allurar inda ake buƙata kuma ba tare da yin ƙoƙarin shiga gida-gida da bin diddigin mutane a cikin gidaje na yau da kullun ba.
Amma bayan da aka fara kyakkyawan fata, yakin neman rigakafin yara na kasar ya fara ja da baya yayin da ma’aikatan kiwon lafiya ke kara cin karo da mutanen da ke kin yiwa ‘ya’yansu allurar.
Rikicin ya koma ne lokacin da yakin neman zabe ya tara jama’a daga al’ummomi zuwa gida-gida tare da masu yin alluran rigakafi, inda suka saurari mutane game da damuwarsu, suna ba da tabbaci da tattara bayanai game da yadda za a daidaita saƙon.
Mambobin al'umma, da suka hada da shugabannin addini, likitoci da ƴan makaranta, sun taimaka wajen gudanar da yaƙin neman zaɓe na matakin ƙasa - tare da ba wa masu sana'ar aski damar yada kalmar ga abokan ciniki yayin da suke zaune don aski.
Adadin allurar rigakafi ya fara yin sama. Yanzu, Indiya ba ta sami bullar cutar shan inna ko guda ba cikin sama da shekaru 12.
Nasarar aikin rigakafi na Indiya yana jaddada mahimmancin mahallin, da kuma yadda hakan ke ba da gudummawa ga dogara ga kimiyya - babban darasi ga masana kimiyya da ke aiki a kan "mugayen ƙalubale na ƙarni na 21," in ji wani sabon rahoto daga ƙungiyar. Cibiyar ISC don makomar Kimiyya.
Mai taken "Rashin Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafawa: Ƙaddamar da Amincewa a Kimiyya don Manufofin Ƙasashen Duniya", wannan sabon aiki takarda ta Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Duniya, ta yi nazari kan abin da bincike da aiki a fannoni daban-daban tun daga aikin jarida zuwa tsari suka koya game da amincewa da kimiyya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, da kuma abubuwan da wannan ilimin ke da shi ga masu tsara manufofi.
"Rahoton ya nuna gazawa wajen bin ka'idojin COVID yana nuna matsalolin da suka dade suna dadewa tare da daidaita manufofi don yanayin zamantakewa," in ji. Nick Ismael-Perkins, wanda ya jagoranci rahoton.
Rauni na Ma'anar Magana: Sake Amincewa a Kimiyya don Manufofi da yawa
DOI: 10.24948/2023.10 'Rashin Mahimmanci: Amincewa da Amincewa a Kimiyya don Manufofi da yawa'. Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Futures, Paris. https://futures.council.science/publications/trust-in-science, 2023
Rahoton ya zo ne yayin da bincike ya nuna raguwar amincewar jama'a ga kimiyya. Wani bincike na 2022 a Amurka ya nuna raguwar kashi 10 cikin 39 na adadin mutanen da suka ce suna da kwarin gwiwa ga masana kimiyya don yin aiki don amfanin jama'a - a kashi 2020% a cikin 29 zuwa 2022% a cikin XNUMX.
Cutar sankara ta COVID-19 za ta iya bayyana wannan raguwa a wani bangare, amma masu lura da al'amura da yawa sun yi imanin cewa yana nuna fa'ida, yanayin duniya, in ji rahoton ISC.
A lokaci guda kuma, wani bincike na baya-bayan nan da Elsevier ya yi ya kuma gano karuwar barazanar da ake yi wa masana kimiyya ta yanar gizo.
Duk wannan kuma yana barazana ga muhimmiyar rawar da kimiyya ke takawa a tsarin bangarori da yawa, in ji rahoton. "Abin da muke gani shine kimiyya, wanda shine ɗayan harsunan ƙarshe na diflomasiyya na duniya, yana fuskantar barazana," in ji Mathieu Denis, Shugaban kungiyar Cibiyar ISC don makomar Kimiyya.
Bayanai sun nuna cewa amincewa da kimiyya ya zo ne ga abubuwa da yawa, wanda ya danganta da mahallin da tarihi. Abin da zai yi kama da rashin amincewa a kimiyya shi ne rashin amincewa da gwamnati ko cibiyoyi, in ji rahoton.
"Muna bukatar mu yi tunani sosai game da mahallin kimiyya, sannan mu yi tunanin yadda hakan zai sa mutane su nuna amincewa ko rashin yarda," in ji Ismael-Perkins.
A yawancin lokuta, al'ummomi suna da kyawawan dalilai na rashin amincewa da hukuma. Rahoton ya lura da mummunan binciken Tuskegee, wanda ya shafi masu binciken lafiyar jama'a na gwamnatin Amurka suna yaudarar mahalarta binciken Black, suna barin su da syphilis ba tare da magani ba - wanda ke haifar da mutuwar mutane da yawa da kuma ƙarin cututtuka.
Binciken ya ƙare ne kawai lokacin da aka ba da rahoto a cikin kafofin watsa labarai a cikin 1972. A kwanan nan binciken ya gano cewa kashi 75% na bakar fata a Amurka sun san binciken, kuma da yawa ba su amince da ka'idojin likitanci don kiyaye irin wannan rashin da'a ba.
A lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe na kawar da cutar shan inna a Indiya, yawancin iyaye da suka ƙi yin alluran rigakafi ba su sami damar samun lafiya mai tsada ba kuma suna shakkar wani abu da gwamnati ke sha'awar bayar da kyauta, ko kuma tunawa da yaƙin neman zaɓe na tilastawa haifuwa a shekarun 1970s. Wasu kuma sun ga yadda rayuwarsu ta ƙare a cikin canjin tattalin arziƙin kuma, suna jin cewa hukumomi sun manta da su, sun rufe kofa lokacin da likitocin gwamnati suka buga.
Waɗannan cikakkun bayanai na mahallin kuma sun bayyana dalilin da ya sa mutanen da gabaɗaya ke da babban amana ga kimiyya ƙila ba za su goyi bayan takamaiman manufofin kimiyya ba. Ishmael-Perkins ya kara da cewa "Abin da zai iya wucewa a matsayin cikakkiyar yarda, kimiyyar da aka daidaita a cikin wani yanayi na iya yin gardama ko kuma a bijirewa a wani yanayi."
Rahoton ya kuma lura da wani muhimmin batu: shakka shine mabuɗin kimiyya. Kuma tsarin kimiyya babu makawa ya ƙunshi kurakurai da rashin tabbas. "'Rashin kasawa' wani bangare ne na dabi'a na tsarin kimiyya, kuma ana sa ran sake maimaitawa da daidaitawa," in ji Denis.
Wannan ya faru ne yayin bala'in COVID-19, lokacin da masana kimiyya ke ƙoƙarin isar da fahimtarsu game da yanayin da ke faruwa cikin sauri - tare da wasu saƙonni masu karo da juna kan batutuwa kamar watsa iska da rufe fuska.
Rahoton ya ce "Saurari ilimin kimiyya" ya zama mantra, in ji rahoton - amma waɗannan tattaunawar sun kasance suna mai da hankali kan dogaro ga mahimman saƙonni kamar sa abin rufe fuska ko amincin rigakafin rigakafi, kuma ƙasa da amincin gabaɗayan kimiyya da cibiyoyin siyasa.
“Ba za a iya rusa bayanan da ba daidai ba ta hanyar aika sako kadai. Kuma ba shi da ma'ana a ba da shawarar amincewa da bargo ga kimiyya, wanda aka cire daga mahallin," in ji Sujata Raman, daya daga cikin wadanda suka rubuta rahoton kuma shugabar UNESCO a fannin Sadarwar Kimiyya don Amfanin Jama'a.
“Kimiyya na da matukar muhimmanci ga aiwatar da manufofi da diflomasiyya. Amma don yin amfani da ilimin kimiyya mafi kyau, muna buƙatar saka lokaci da ƙoƙari don fahimta da aiki tare da ainihin mahallin da nau'ikan ilimi, "in ji ta.
Duk waɗannan suna nuna buƙatar sake yin aiki yadda ake sadarwa da kimiyya da kuma yadda masana kimiyya da masu tsara manufofi ke hulɗa da jama'a, rahoton ya yi jayayya.
"Ta yaya za mu maido da mutuncin mahallin kimiyya-siyasa, kuma mu sami kyakkyawar hulɗa tare da maganganun siyasa?" Isma'il-Perkins ya tambaya. Rahoton ya ba da shawarwari da yawa - a cikinsu, cewa masana kimiyya da masu tsara manufofi sun mai da hankali kan "cimma amana, maimakon amana."
Amintaccen abu ne na "ci gaba da bayyana gaskiya da rikon amana," in ji rahoton. Sadarwa muhimmin bangare ne na wannan tsari. "Tsarin layi na gargajiya na yada ilimin kimiyya ga masu tsara manufofi da jama'a ya tsufa," in ji rahoton.
Wannan hanyar ta dogara ne akan zato mara kyau cewa "dogara ga kimiyya al'amari ne kawai na ilmantar da jama'a da magance rashin fahimta." Maimakon haka, ya kamata a mai da hankali kan karfafa gwiwar jama'a a fannin kimiyya da raya manufofi, da karfafa hadin gwiwa da ke hada masana kimiyya daga bangarori daban-daban.
"Sadarwar kimiyya ta zama mai juyowa kuma ta dace da ilimi da fifikon 'yan wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban da kuma samar da damar tattaunawa a tsakanin su," Raman ya bayyana.
Rahoton ya lura da kyakkyawan misali na kwanan nan daga New Zealand, inda "taron jama'a” an sanar da ka’idodin Māori sun haɗu mazauna Auckland da ƙwararrun ruwa don yin aiki tare don zaɓar tushen ruwan yankin nan gaba.
A cikin aikin, wanda kamfanin samar da ruwa na jama'a na Auckland, Watercare, da Koi Tū, Cibiyar Informed Futures a Jami'ar Auckland suka goyi bayan, masana sun gabatar da zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa, sun amsa tambayoyi da ƙarfafa muhawara. Mazauna daga ƙarshe an ba da shawarar ruwa mai sake fa'ida, wanda a yanzu ake gwadawa a ciki ayyukan matukin jirgi.
image da Abjith S Nair on Unsplash
Disclaimer
Bayanai, ra'ayoyi da shawarwarin da aka gabatar a cikin shafukan yanar gizon baƙi namu na masu ba da gudummawa ne kuma ba lallai bane su nuna dabi'u da imani na Majalisar Kimiyya ta Duniya.
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