Sake tunani ci gaban ɗan adam yana buƙatar haɗin gwiwa tare da al'ummomi

A shekara ta 2000, bankin duniya ya gudanar da bincike a kasashe 50 masu tasowa. An buga sakamakon binciken a cikin wani rahoto mai taken "Muryar Talakawa", wanda ya yi nuni da cewa "akwai masana talauci biliyan 2.8, talakawa da kansu. Amma duk da haka, ra'ayoyi da ƙwarewar waɗanda ba talakawa ba ne suka mamaye maganar ci gaba game da talauci." Don haka yana da ban sha'awa cewa, a yau, akwai sabon nufin gina ilimi ta hanyar da ta fi dacewa da kuma haɗa nau'o'in ilimi daban-daban ta hanyar sababbin abubuwa. Rahoton Ci gaba mai dorewa na Duniya na 2019, mai take 'Makoma tana Yanzu - Kimiyya don Samun Ci gaba mai Dorewa', yana nuna wannan nufin. Gabaɗayan rahoton da babin kimiyyar ɗorewa, musamman, sun bincika yadda za a sake tunanin ci gaban ɗan adam mai dorewa.

Rahoton ya nace cewa masana kimiyya, masu tsara manufofi, shugabannin kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyin jama'a dole ne su sake tunani game da haɗin gwiwarsu tare da ƙirƙirar wuraren gwaji don haɗin gwiwa wanda zai iya jagorantar al'umma kan hanyar da za ta canza. Kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa shine babban kayan aiki don haɗin gwiwa. Yawancin hanyoyin ilimi ba su da amfani kuma mafi kyawun bincike yana faruwa lokacin da masana kimiyya suka yi aiki tare da al'ummomin da za su ci gajiyar binciken nan take. Rahoton ya kuma nuna bukatar hada ilimin ilimi da ilimin aiki da na asali. Don tabbatar da nasara, haɗin gwiwar bincike ya kamata ya kasance bisa ka'idodin da suka haɗa da tsarin haɗin gwiwa; gina amana; koyon juna; mallakin raba; da kuma yin lissafi ga masu cin gajiyar.

An aiwatar da shawarwarin rahoton game da kimiyya don samun ci gaba mai dorewa a cikin wani bincike kan The Hidden Dimensions of Poverty wanda kungiyar International Movement ATD (All Together for Dignity) ta Duniya ta hudu tare da Jami'ar Oxford, bayan kaddamar da ci gaba mai dorewa. Aikin ya nemi hada nau'ikan ilimi iri uku: 1) ilimin da aka samu daga kwarewar rayuwa ta mutanen da ke cikin talauci; 2) ilimin da ƙwararrun masu sana'a suka samu waɗanda ke hidima ga mafi yawan mutane - wato, malamai, ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, ma'aikatan zamantakewa da sauransu; da 3) Ilimin ilimi, wanda ba makawa ne amma bangaranci.

An aiwatar da wannan bincike a kasashe shida: uku daga Arewacin duniya (Faransa, Birtaniya da Amurka) da uku daga Kudancin duniya (Bangladesh, Bolivia da Tanzania). Kungiyar ATD ta Duniya ta hudu da masu bincike daga Jami'ar Oxford ce ta gudanar da wata tawagar hadin gwiwa ta kasa da kasa, kuma an kafa kungiyoyin bincike na kasa a kasashe shida. Kowane ɗayan na ƙarshe yana da membobi 9-15: 4-6 mutanen da ke da kwarewa kai tsaye na talauci da 2-4 malamai da masu aikin da suka ba da sabis ko shawarwari ga mutanen da ke cikin talauci. ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ma'aikata daga ATD na Duniya na huɗu sun tallafa wa mutanen da ke rayuwa cikin talauci ta hanyoyin da suka ba da damar cikakken shiga su daidai tare da malamai da masu aiki ta hanyar "Haduwar Ilimi” gabatowa. Wannan hanya ta dogara ne akan sauyi a cikin tsari da kuma a aikace: maimakon zama abubuwan bincike da manufofin da wasu suka tsara, mutanen da ke cikin talauci sun zama masu bincike waɗanda basirarsu ke taimakawa wajen aiki tare.

Tambayoyin binciken sune: 1) Menene talauci? da 2) Menene halayensa? Nau'o'in ilimi daban-daban da suka samo asali daga kwarewar rayuwa, aiki da bincike na ilimi an fara gina su ta hanya mai zaman kanta ta hanyar tarurruka tare da ƙungiyoyin takwarorinsu. Mahimman ra'ayi na mutane, lokacin da aka tattauna da kuma haɗa su a cikin ƙungiyoyi masu yawa waɗanda aka haɗa su, suna haifar da sabon ilimin gama kai tare da "maƙasudin matsayi", kamar yadda Amartya Sen ya bayyana. na masu aiki da na masu ilimin kimiyya, yana haifar da ƙarin ilimi mai zurfi tare da "madaidaicin matsayi", kamar yadda Sen. Ga wata ƙasa da aka ba, an haɗa nauyin talauci daga yankunan karkara da birane don samar da saiti ɗaya ga wannan ƙasa.

A ƙarshe, an haɗa nau'ikan talauci 71 daga ƙasashe shida yayin taron "Haɗin Ilimi" na duniya. Wannan tsari ya haifar da gano manyan matakai guda tara na talauci waɗanda, duk da bambance-bambancen rayuwar yau da kullun na mutane a cikin talauci a cikin ƙasashe, abin mamaki yana kama da haka.

"A karon farko, binciken ATD - Jami'ar Oxford ya sanya wata gada a kan hanyoyin auna talauci a kasashe masu arziki da matalauta… yana ba mu damar ganin talauci ta hanyar hangen nesa guda."

Angel Gurria, Sakatare Janar na OECD.https://www.spi.ox.ac.uk/article/unveiling-the-hidden-dimensions-of-poverty]

Shida daga cikin waɗannan girman an ɓoye a baya ko kuma ba a yi la'akari da su ba a cikin tattaunawar manufofin. Kasancewa tare da ƙarin sanannun privations (koren polyhedrons a cikin zane) da suka shafi rashin aiki mai kyau, rashin isassun kuɗi da rashin tsaro da rashi na kayan aiki da zamantakewa, girma uku suna da alaƙa (polyhedrons blue). Wadannan suna jawo hankali ga yadda mutanen da ba sa fuskantar talauci ke shafar rayuwar wadanda su ne: cin zarafi na zamantakewa; cin zarafi na hukumomi da gudunmawar da ba a san su ba. Ma'auni guda uku waɗanda ke zama ainihin ƙwarewar talauci (da'irar ja da rabi) suna sanya damuwa da hukumar mutane a tsakiyar tunanin talauci: wahala a jiki, tunani da zuciya, rashin ƙarfi, da gwagwarmaya da juriya. Waɗannan matakan suna tunatar da mu dalilin da ya sa dole ne a kawar da talauci. Haka kuma suna kora gida kowa da kowa, yana cikin talauci ko a'a, ya wulakanta dan Adam saboda ci gaba da wanzuwar talauci. Dukkanin girman girman talauci na talauci yana da ma'amala sosai kuma yawanci, a cikin bambancin digiri, gogewa tare, cumfected tare, cumfectid tare, cumfectid tare, cumfective tare, cumfectid tare, cumfectid.

Duk da yake kowane girma yana bayyana a duk ƙasashe da mafi yawan mahallin, kowanne ya bambanta da tsari da digiri bisa ga: ainihi tare da nuna wariya a kan dalilai kamar kabila, jinsi da yanayin jima'i da ke ƙara abin da ke da alaƙa da talauci; laiki, Birane, kewayen birni, karkara; lokaci da kuma tsawon lokaci, gajerun tsafi da suka bambanta da dogayen tsafi, talaucin da ake fama da shi a lokacin ƙuruciya ko tsufa ya bambanta da wanda ya ƙware a lokacin aiki; imani na al'adu, dangane da misali, ko ana tunanin talauci ne ya haifar da tsarin tsari ko kuma ta hanyar gazawa; kuma muhalli da manufofin muhalli, daga sauyin yanayi, gurɓacewar ƙasa, gurɓatacciyar ƙasa da manufofin da ke da alaƙa, zuwa rashi birane da rashin isassun kayayyakin more rayuwa na jama'a.

Me yasa shida daga cikin wadannan nau'o'in talauci sau da yawa ba a iya gani a cikin jawabin ci gaba? Arlette Farge, wata ƴar tarihi ta Faransa, ta bayyana yadda, a wasu ƙarni, al'ummomi suka yi ƙoƙarin ƙaryata wahalhalun da mutane ke ciki a cikin talauci domin yana da tada hankali da ƙalubalantar duk waɗanda ke cin gajiyar tsarin da aka kafa. Masana tattalin arziki sun kuma nuna wannan musun: John Kenneth Galbraith ya bayyana hanyoyi da yawa na yin watsi da mafi munin yanayi a cikin labarin mai taken "Yadda za a fitar da matalauta daga gani". Akwai litattafai da yawa kan iyawar ƙarfafawa, amma ba a cika ganin aikin ba da ƙarfi ba. Lokacin da gwamnatoci suka yanke shawarar cewa ba za su saka hannun jari a fannin ilimi don su ci gaba da mamaye jama'arsu ba, wannan wani nau'in rashin ƙarfi ne.

Sakamakon da An buga binciken ATD na Duniya na huɗu / Jami'ar Oxford a cikin wani babi na littafin Springer kuma a cikin labarin na Jaridar Ci gaban Duniya [Bayanin edita: wannan hanyar haɗin yanar gizon tana da damar kwana 50 kyauta]. Abubuwan da ke ɓoye na talauci da suka fito daga wannan bincike suna nuna buƙatar sababbin alamu da sababbin shawarwarin manufofin da ya kamata a haɗa su a cikin Rahoton Ci gaban Dan Adam mai zuwa don ƙara tasirinsa.

Hoto: Hoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya / Jean-Marc Ferré ta Flicker.

Xavier Godinot Daraktan Bincike ne a Cibiyar Nazarin Talauci da Tarihi na Joseph Wresinski, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya ATD Duniya ta huɗu, Faransa

Hoton GPE/Stephan Bachenheimer