Game da marubucin:
Walter Britto Gaspar Mai bincike ne a Cibiyar Fasaha da Al'umma a Makarantar Shari'a ta FGV, Rio de Janeiro. Ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Shari'a ta FGV Rio de Janeiro a shekarar 2015 kuma yana da digiri na biyu a fannin Lafiyar Jama'a daga Cibiyar Magungunan Zamantakewa ta UERJ (2017), inda ya yi nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin kirkire-kirkire, mallakar fasaha, da kuma samun magunguna. Ya kasance wanda ya karɓi tallafin karatu a Shirin Horarwa na Fundação Botín don Ayyukan Jama'a a Latin Amurka (2013), kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai bincike a Fiocruz da Gidauniyar Shuttleworth kan wani aiki da ya shafi mallakar fasaha da kuma samun magunguna (2017). Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mai Gudanar da Ƙasa na Ƙungiyoyin NGO Universities Allied for Essential Medicines (2013–2016).
A matsayin ɓangare na Kimiyya Systems Futures aikinISC tana neman zurfafa fahimtarmu game da yadda fasahohin zamani ke canza tsarin kimiyya da tsarinsa a duniya. An gayyaci zaɓaɓɓun marubuta daga al'ummar ISC don yin tunani kan tasirin da ke tattare da fannoni daban-daban na kimiyya.
Haƙƙoƙin mallakar fasaha (IP) akan ilimi suna da tasiri ga yawancin tattalin arzikin yau. Daga magunguna da software zuwa noma da makamashi mai tsabta, ana ƙara ƙirƙirar ƙima ba kawai ta hanyar kayan zahiri ba, har ma ta hanyar bincike, bayanai, da kirkire-kirkire. Sabbin masana'antu da na gargajiya suna ƙara dogaro da bayanai da ilimin kimiyya, har ma sun zama kadarori masu mahimmanci waɗanda ba za a iya taɓawa ba waɗanda ke tsara tsare-tsaren manufofin jama'a da yanke shawara kan saka hannun jari iri ɗaya.
Duk da haka, tsarin mallakar fasaha na duniya na yanzu yana iya kawo cikas ga kirkire-kirkire da kuma zurfafa rashin daidaito. Sai kawai game da 2% na jimlar ayyukan haƙƙin mallaka a duk duniya ya fito ne daga Latin Amurka da Caribbean da kuma Afirka, inda yawancin ƙasashen Kudancin Duniya suke. Wannan adadi na baya-bayan nan daga Ƙungiyar Kadarorin Fasaha ta Duniya ya nuna yadda kirkire-kirkire ya kasance ƙarƙashin rinjayen Arewa ta Duniya.
Kirkire-kirkire ba hanya ce mai sauƙi ba wadda ilimin kimiyya ke tafiya daga dakin gwaje-gwaje zuwa kasuwa a matsayin sabbin kayayyaki da ayyuka. Madadin haka, an saka shi a cikin wani tsari mai rikitarwa na zamantakewa wanda ake haɓaka ilimi ta hanyar hulɗa tsakanin masu bincike, masana'antu da gwamnati. Tun farkon shekarun 1940, masanin tattalin arziki Joseph Schumpeter ya shahara da bayyana yadda kirkire-kirkire ke sake fasalin tattalin arziki ta hanyar "lalata ƙirƙira," yana gabatar da sabbin samfura da hanyoyi yayin da yake canza tsarin samar da kayayyaki da ake da su.
A matakin farko, haƙƙin mallakar fasaha yana kare ƙirƙira, samfuran kasuwanci, da ayyukan ƙirƙira, yana ba masu su damar ba su lasisi ko hana wasu amfani da su. Waɗannan haƙƙoƙin sun dogara ne akan ciniki: masu ƙirƙira suna samun keɓancewa na ɗan lokaci don musayar ra'ayoyinsu ga jama'a. Ta hanyar buga haƙƙin mallaka, littattafai, da alamun kasuwanci, al'umma za ta iya amfana daga ilimin da aka raba, yayin da masu ƙirƙira ke samun lada ta kariya ta doka. Duk da haka, wannan daidaito yana nuna takamaiman zaɓin siyasa da mahallin tarihi maimakon ƙa'idar tattalin arziki mai tsaka-tsaki.
Duk da cewa farkon haƙƙin mallaka da kariyar haƙƙin mallaka sun samo asali ne daga ƙarni da yawa, a cikin ƙarni na 20th Dokokin IP na ƙarni sun faɗaɗa sosai, musamman a shekarar 1995 lokacin da aka haɗa su da Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya, ta hanyar Bangarorin da suka shafi ciniki na Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙoƙin Fasaha (TAFIYA). Yarjejeniyar ta haɗa da "lokutan alheri" ga ƙasashe masu tasowa don canzawa zuwa sabon tsarin, da kuma "sassauƙaƙe" waɗanda ke ba gwamnatoci damar daidaita kariyar IP don amfanin jama'a, kamar don lafiya, ci gaba, ko samun damar amfani da fasaha.
Duk da waɗannan tanade-tanaden, ƙasashen Kudancin Duniya da yawa sun yi turjiya sosai ga TRIPS.
Kasashe masu arziki sun yi shawarwari daga matsayi mai kyau na ci gaban masana'antu, bisa ga tarin cibiyoyin da aka tsara don haɓaka kimiyya, kirkire-kirkire, da kasuwanci, gami da cibiyoyin zamantakewa. Ga ƙasashe masu tasowa, faɗaɗa dokokin TRIPS yawanci yana nufin rufe hanyar ci gaban masana'antu da ci gaba ko - kamar yadda masanin tattalin arziki Ha-Joon Chang ya faɗa a shahara cewa "yana kawar da tsani".
Duk da haka, IP har yanzu tana da damar ƙarfafa kirkire-kirkire a Kudancin Duniya idan aka saka ta a cikin manyan manufofi waɗanda ke jawo hankalin sabbin kamfanoni masu amfani da fasaha da kuma dakatar da kwararar kwakwalwa. Masana kimiyya sun riga sun fahimci buƙatar fassara sakamakon kimiyya zuwa kayayyaki masu kasuwa, inda jami'o'i da cibiyoyin kimiyya da yawa suka riga sun gabatar da ƙa'idodi game da haƙƙin mallaka a cikin dangantakarsu da masana'antu.
Abin da ake buƙata shi ne tsarin manufofin masana'antu masu aiki da yawa wanda ke ƙarfafa ƙarfin aiki a matakin ƙasa. Sabbin dokoki na iya ƙirƙirar ƙarin damammaki ga masu bincike don ƙirƙirar sabbin dabaru da ƙaddamar da sabbin kamfanoni bisa ga bincike. A lokaci guda, dole ne gwamnatoci su gina cibiyoyi waɗanda ke haɗa masana kimiyya, 'yan kasuwa, da kamfanoni cikin tsarin kirkire-kirkire na ƙasa mai haɗin kai.
Haka kuma yana da muhimmanci a yi amfani da dabarun sassaucin TRIPS da ake da su. Duk da cewa waɗannan kayan aikin shari'a suna ba ƙasashe damar fifita muradun jama'a da ci gaban fasaha na gida, sau da yawa suna da wahalar amfani da su a aikace saboda matsin lamba na siyasa. Ƙarfin haɗin kai da ƙarfin doka suna da mahimmanci don sa waɗannan tanade-tanaden su yi aiki.
Misali mai gamsarwa na yadda wannan zai iya aiki a aikace ya fito ne daga Cibiyar Masana'antu da Tattalin Arziki ta Lafiya ta Brazil. Wannan tsarin kirkire-kirkire na ɓangaren ya bunƙasa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin cibiyoyin kimiyya na jama'a, masana'antun magunguna na gama gari da shirye-shiryen tallafin gwamnati, tare da goyon bayan manufofi da ƙa'idoji masu ƙarfi daga Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Brazil. Lokacin da annobar COVID-19 ta bulla, wannan tsarin mai ƙarfi ya ba ƙasar damar ɗaukar fasahohin ƙasashen waje, mayar da binciken kimiyya zuwa ga haɓaka fasahohi masu mahimmanci, da sake tsara samarwa don biyan buƙatun gaggawa na lafiya.
Dole ne ƙasashen duniya na Kudu su yi aiki da gangan don tabbatar da cewa mallakar fasaha ta zama abin ƙarfafawa ga gina ƙarfin aiki maimakon hanyar dogaro da kai. IP ba kayan aiki ne na tsaka-tsaki ba. Idan aka bar shi ya yi aiki a ware, yawanci yana fifita manyan kamfanoni da tattalin arziki masu arziki, yana ƙarfafa rashin daidaito da ake da shi a yanzu.
Girbi fa'idodin IP ya dogara ne akan yadda ake tafiyar da shi da kuma haɗa shi cikin manyan dabarun ci gaba. Idan aka daidaita shi da ƙarfin jarin jama'a, manufofin masana'antu, da cibiyoyin kirkire-kirkire, IP na iya taimakawa wajen buɗe kuɗaɗen shiga, ƙarfafa kirkire-kirkire na gida, da kuma tallafawa canjin fasaha mai adalci. Sai kawai tsarin ilimi mai wadata na Kudancin Duniya zai iya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban da ya haɗa da kowa, cimma burin ci gaban ƙasa da kuma ƙarfafa ilimin duniya baki ɗaya.
Hoto daga Getty Images ta hanyar Unsplash+
Disclaimer
Bayanan, ra'ayoyin da shawarwarin da aka gabatar a cikin shafukan yanar gizon mu na masu ba da gudummawa ne, kuma ba lallai ba ne su kasance suna nuna dabi'u da imani na Majalisar Kimiyya ta Duniya.
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